Elements of Information Security

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 Information security is the practice of protecting information and infrastructure from theft, tampering, and disruption. It ensures that risks remain low or manageable. This security relies on five key elements:

  1. Confidentiality – Ensuring only authorized individuals can access information.

    • Breaches occur due to hacking or mishandling of data.
    • Controls: Data encryption, classification, and secure disposal of media (DVDs, CDs, etc.).

  2. Integrity – Ensuring data is accurate, consistent, and protected from unauthorized changes.

    • Integrity violations can result from unauthorized access or accidental changes.
    • Controls: Checksums (to detect changes) and access controls (to restrict modifications).

  3. Availability – Ensuring systems are operational and accessible when needed.

    • Threats include system failures, malware, and cyberattacks.
    • Controls: Redundant systems, antivirus software, and DDoS prevention.

  4. Authenticity – Ensuring data, communications, and users are genuine.

    • Prevents identity fraud and data manipulation.
    • Controls: Biometrics, smart cards, and digital certificates.

  5. Non-Repudiation – Preventing denial of actions or transactions.

    • Ensures a sender cannot deny sending a message, and a receiver cannot deny receiving it.
    • Controls: Digital signatures and secure logs.
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